Iodine deficiency in children and adults with limited diets has been reported. Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects on growth and development, and is the most common cause of preventable intellectual disability in the world. In 2011, 70 percent of households globally had access to iodized salt. These effects are due to inadequate production of thyroid hormone and are termed iodine deficiency disorders. Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, previously known as cretinism, is a condition associated with iodine deficiency and goiter, commonly characterised by mental deficiency, deafness, squint, disorders of stance and gait and stunted growth due to hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland was enlarged with gross reduction in plasma t4 in both mothers and newborns, and was greater in the second pregnancy than in the first, suggesting a greater severity of iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency is defined as a median urinary iodine concentration less than 100. Monitoring systems in broad part of each country is notable effort to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders idd. The spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders, idd ref. These disorders result from a diet low in iodine, which is particularly damaging during early pregnancy because it retards foetal development, especially brain development, causing a range of intellectual, motor and hearing deficits. Iodine deficiency is a risk factor for the growth and development of up to 2.
Iodine deficiency is a global public health concern exhibiting a spectrum of adverse effects on mental, physical and functional abilities, collectively known as iodine deficiency disorders idd. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring. Among children, iodine deficiency is the main cause of potentially preventable deficits of central nervous system development and impairment of cognitive function, as well as goitre and hypothyroidism in. It is estimated that 2 billion individuals worldwide have insufficient iodine intake. Although ethiopian government developed micronutrient deficiency prevention and control guideline in 2005 and deployed health extension workers to give behaviour change communication for use of iodized salt. But a lack of iodine can cause an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter, and other thyroid problems. The prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders unscn. It impacts all ages, but is most damaging in women of childbearing age wcba and young children. Given that sweat helps keep your skin moist and hydrated, a lack of sweat may be another reason why dry, flaky skin is a common symptom of iodine deficiency. Fortification of foodgrade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders iii acknowledgements v financial support v executive summary 1 purpose of the guideline 2 guideline development methodology 2 available evidence 3 recommendation3 remarks 3 implications for future research 6 scope and purpose 7. Iodized salt, the preferred method, is easy to produce, administer in physiologic doses, and is cost effective. Programmes of iodine supplementation should be implemented in pregnant women, newborn babies and infants, who may be more severely affected by iodine deficiency, and schoolchildren should not be the only target group for the evaluation of iodine deficiency disorders when urinary iodine is. Sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency unicef. Iodine, iodine metabolism and iodine deficiency disorders.
Iodine deficiency disorders iodine is an essential component in thyroid hormone production thyroid hormone regulates basic metabolism. Ppt iodine deficiency disorders powerpoint presentation. Thyroid hormone controls your metabolism and other important body functions. Iodine is very important for thyroid hormone production. On a worldwide basis, iodine deficiency is the single most important preventable cause of brain damage. Iodine deficiency disorders idd result from inadequate thyroid hormone production due to inadequate iodine intake. The remainder distributed throughout other tissues, like. Micronutrient malnutrition affects approximately 2 billion people worldwide. Iodine deficiency an overview sciencedirect topics. Most preventable cause of mental retardation in the world.
Introduction of iodised salt to regions of chronic iodine deficiency disorders might transiently increase the proportion of thyroid disorders, but overall the small risks of iodine excess are far. Adding iodine to salt is the most widely used strategy to control iodine deficiency. Currently, about 70% of households worldwide use iodized salt. The term iodine deficiency disorders refers to all of the consequences of iodine deficiency, which depend on its severity and the age of the affected subject. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide. The effects of iodine deficiency on growth and development, called the iodine deficiency disorders idds, comprise goiter. The term iodine deficiency disorders has been coined to represent the different array of disorder that result from iodine deficiency in. Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in southeast asia. Iodine, iodine deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders. When left untreated, iodine deficiency can lead to severe hypothyroidism.
Iodine deficiency disorders are among the most significant public health problems in the world at the present time, especially among children and pregnant women, considered the highest risk population. You can use this simple test at home to find out if you need to focus on getting more iodine in your diet. Iodine deficiency is the single greatest cause of preventable men. Pdf on oct 31, 2015, kavitha menon and others published iodine deficiency disorders find, read and cite all the research you need on. Iodine fact sheet for consumers nih office of dietary. This guide will serve as an introduction to technical manuals, currently in preparation, on iodized salt, iodized oil, iodinedeficiency disorders assessment. The iodine deficiency disorders iodine global network. Idd are a permanent natural occurrence that affects the entire. Iodine deficiency is a public health problem if prevalence of goiter is greater than 5% c. General english only international council for control of iodine deficiency disorders id united nations childrens fund d this document is intended primarily for managers of national programmes for the. Iodine fact sheet for consumers people who do not use iodized salt. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their. Iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism from voluntary diet.
There was a significant reduction in brain weight in the newborns from the second pregnancy. From 2838 to 2698 bc, china had made effort to control endemic goiter. It emphasizes the role of iodine deficiency in the development of brain damage and. The iodine deficiency disorders endotext ncbi bookshelf. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goitre, newborn thyroidstimulating hormone, and blood thyroglobulin.
Epidemiology iodine deficiency is the single most important cause of preventable mental retardation. The remainder distributed throughout other tissues, like mammary. Iodine deficiency disorder is a threat to social and economic development of a country. The importance of iodine deficiency disorders idd iodine deficiency, through its effects on the developing brain, has condemned millions of people to a life of few prospects and continued underdevelopment. At that time, idd was a public health problem in many. Low levels of iodine are not the only cause of low thyroid function. Iodine deficiency can impair human health severely and cause iodine deficiency disorders idd, including endemic goiter, endemic cretinism, endemic subclinical cretinism, and so on. Population effects of severe iodine deficiency, termed iodine deficiency disorders idds, include endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, decreased fertility rate, increased infant mortality, and mental retardation. Iodine deficiency has many adverse effects on growth and development. The two major factors responsible for idd are inadequate iodine intake and inadequate iodine utilization. Iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination a guide for programme managers second edition whonhd01. Definition iodine deficiency disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine.
These effects are due to inadequate production of thyroid hormone and are termed iodinedeficiency disorders. Iodine fortification of foods and condiments, other than. Paracelsus was the first to point out the relation between goitrous parents and their mentally disabled children. Severe iodine deficiency results in impaired thyroid hormone synthesis andor thyroid enlargement goiter. When severe iodine deficiency occurs during pregnancy, it is associated with fetal hypothyroidism, mental impairment, and. Can be from iodine deficiency doctors will check for large nodules can be seen with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism 1. Iodine deficiency disorder idd is the most common endocrinopathy in the world and also the most preventable cause of mental retardation. Iodine is not a major public health problem for developed countries. Hetzel, in international encyclopedia of public health second edition, 2017. Since iodine is released from the body through the urine, the best way to determine iodine deficiency across a large population is to measure the amounts of iodine in urine samples. According to who a goitre rate above 5%constitutes a public health problem. In an area where the extent of idd is unknown, the problem should. People with lower thyroid hormone levels, such as those with an iodine deficiency, tend to sweat less than people with normal thyroid hormone levels 18, 19.
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